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LifeLinkedtoIce Trends in body condition Baffin Bay polar bear

The sea ice measurement used represents sea ice habitat available to the bears mid-May to mid-October.

 

“0” means no trend. “NA” means not enough data to analyze.
Source: Rode et al. 2012 [279]

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Polar View  Floe Edge Service

Image provided by Noetix Research 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Sharing network

 

 

Trading and sharing foods is a powerful adaptive measure to cope with food shortages. The width of the lines reflects the importance of each pathway in this network, which is based on interviews with Igloolik residents in 2008. Adapted from Ford and Beaumier 2011 [387]; inset map from Google Earth

 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Arctic Marine Areas

 

Adapted from Gill et al. 2011 [429]

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Arctic marine mammals

 

Based on Laidre et al. 2008 [266], revisions based on Stirling 1980 [40], Gilchrist and Robertson 2000 [256] for polar bear habitats; Stirling 1980 [40], Laidre and Heide-Jorgensen 2011 [281], Laidre et al. 2004 [302] for narwhal habitats and diet; Loseto et al. 2009 [303] for beluga diet; Lawson and Hobson 2000 [304], Hammill et al. 2005 [305] for harp seal diet 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Nesting ivory gulls

The bars show survey results at the world’s largest ivory gull nesting colony on Domashny Island. Numbers of nesting ivory gulls fluctuate from year to year depending on environmental conditions in the pre-breeding season (mid-May). In the northeastern Kara Sea, where wildlife is limited by the harsh ice conditions, polynyas are important for foraging [255]. More gulls are able to build up enough fat resources for egg-laying when there is more open water in a large nearby polynya prior to nesting. If the area of the polynya remains below a threshold of about 10,000 square kilometers (dashed line) by mid-May, dramatically fewer gulls nest at the colony, as occurred in 1996, 2009 and 2011. 

From Gavrilo 2011 [222] 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce First year pollock

 

 

 

Predation, cannibalism by larger pollock, and starvation in winter increase for first-year pollock in years with earlier sea ice melt (top diagram).
From Hunt et al. 2011 [212]

 

 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce diets of thick billed murres

 

 

This chart shows the breakdown by species of identified fish in stomach samples of murres. Polar cod continue to dominate the diets of high Arctic murres, but capelin appear to have replaced polar cod in the low Arctic, where ice has retreated to the greatest extent. Capelin have also appeared in the mid Arctic, where the species was absent in 1985 samples but present in a third of the samples from 2007/08.
From Provencher et al. 2012 [209]

 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Changes in benthic communities small

 

The photographs represent benthic communities in the two fjords before and after abrupt ecosystem changes characterized by a shift from rock-encrusting types of algae to taller filamentous (C) and leaf-like (D) forms of seaweed. Areas within the white lines are covered by these seaweeds. The invertebrate communities changed at the same time. In Kongsfjord, for example, the sea anemones that were common before this regime shift (visible in A) declined rapidly and sea urchins increased.
From Kortsch et al. 2012 [172]

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Phytoplankton bloom Barents Sea small

 

The color in this satellite image is created by a massive phytoplankton bloom. The milky blue areas indicate a high abundance of coccolithophores, plankton that are plated with white calcium carbonate. Other colors may be from other plankton types and suspended sediment. The graphs, which are from a study over approximately the same area, show the relationship between the timing of blooms and the timing of sea ice. Diatoms (indicated by chlorophyll concentrations) dominate the earlier bloom that is associated with ice melt. Coccolithophores (indicated by calcite concentrations) dominate late summer bloom. They thrive in stable surface layers of warm, low-salinity, low-nutrient water. Coccolithophore blooms are becoming more frequent in the southern Barents Sea and expanding northward to the high Arctic.
All data shown are based on analysis of satellite imagery. This natural-color image was taken by the Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on the Aqua satellite.
NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC; graph from Signorini and McClain 2009 [153]; caption based on Signorini and McClain 2009 [153], Carlowicz and Riebeek 2012 [154] 

 

  

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Primary production by phytoplankton

Estimates of average annual primary production by size class were based on relationships with pigment types as 

detected by satellite monitoring, 1998 to 

2007.

 

Data from Uitz et al. 2010 [107]

 

 

  

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Communities of microscopic algae

 

As sea ice forms, droplets of water with high salt content form and these join into narrow “brine channels” that riddle the ice.
Based on Krembs and Deming 2011 [100] 

 

  

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Declining fall weights of female polar bear

Body weights were estimated for females on their own, and thus likely to be pregnant.

Source: Stirling and Derocher 2012 [269]

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Trends in terrestrial spring snow cover

 

Data are June averages for all Northern Hemisphere snow cover. Values are standardized anomalies with respect to the 1988–2007 mean. Solid lines are five-year running means.
From Derksen and Brown 2012 [89], data from NOAA CDR (satellite monitoring)

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Phytoplankton blooms

 

 

The rate of change is very rapid at some locations. For example, the peak algal bloom occurred in early September in Foxe Basin and in the Kara Sea in the mid-1990s but had shifted to mid-July by 2009, a change of about 50 days.
Source: Kahru et al. 2011 [214]

 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Polar bear maternity dens

Source: Derocher et al. 2011 [329]

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Pathways

 

Figure 38. Pathways of impacts on Arctic humans resulting from changes in sea ice and associated changes in biodiversity

Joan Eamer

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Settlements

 

 

Adapted from Hovelsrud et al. 2011
[196]

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Distribution of Inuit

 

 

 

From Ford 2009 [372], based on data from Makavik Cartographic Services

 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Sea ice thickness

Note the scale differences between the two panels.

 

From Wang and Overland 2012 [17]

 

 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Cell concentration

 

 

The most numerous species identified in the core were ice-associated diatoms, but several different algal classes were represented. Microalgae were distributed throughout the core, but abundance and species composition varied with ice depth. The diversity was among the highest ever recorded in Arctic sea ice: 237 species were identified from the core. Depending on the species, the sizes of microalgae can range from a few micrometers to a few hundreds of micrometers.
Data from von Quillfeldt et al. 2003 [72]

 

 

  

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Thick billed murre colony size

 

 

Based on analyses of data from areas around 46 murre colonies, grouped into regions. Colony sizes are historical maximum estimates of numbers of birds (representing carrying capacity) rather than current population sizes. This approach avoids the confounding factor of overharvest in some areas in recent decades. Sea ice conditions are based on satellite measurements, 1979 to 2004.

1Rate of change of fraction of open water, units X 10-3
2Statistical measure of variability of the rate of change: residual from mean, units X 10-2
Source: Laidre et al. 2008 [242] 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Trends in Arctic temperature and sea ice 

A. Land–Ocean Temperature Index annual means, 1880 to 2011. Data (smoothed over ten-year periods) are temperature

 

anomalies compared to the 1951–1980 mean. Data: NASA/GISS
B. Annual minimum ice extent, 1979–2013, based on satellite monitoring. Data are anomalies compared to the 1981–2010
mean. Data: NSIDC; methodology: Fetterer et al. 2002, updated 2009 [35]
C. Satellite image captured at the 2012 minimum of ice extent. Source: NASA/Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio
D. Sea ice cover over the past 1,450 years. The blue line is based on proxy records (mainly ice cores), while the dotted line
is based on historical ice records and satellite monitoring. Proxy data were calibrated against modern observations. Data
were smoothed statistically over 40-year periods. The record extends to 2008. Source: Kinnard et al. 2011 [13]
E. Distribution of multi-year ice, 2008 compared with 1985–2000 mean. Source: NASA no date [36] 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference it source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Box1

 

Data from Arnason et al. 2006 [32] (seals); Xiong et al. 2009 [33] (toothed whales: beluga and narwhal); Sasaki et al. 2005 [34] (bowhead whale); Hailer et al. 2012 [30] (polar bear); McEvoy et al. 2011 [31] (humans). Drawings from Wikimedia Commons (bowhead whale: F.W. True, drawn in 1884; polar bear: P.S. Foresman)

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Sea ice distribution

 

Figure 5. Northern Hemisphere sea ice distribution, March and September, 2012 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

 

Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center

LifeLinkedtoIce Sea ice environment

 

Figure 6. Some features of the sea ice environment

Joan Eamer

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Arctic marine food web

 

Figure 7. Arctic marine food web.

Adapted from Darnis et al. 2012 [57]

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

 

57. Darnis, G., Robert, D., Pomerleau, C., Link, H., Archambault, P., Nelson, R.J., Geoffroy, M., Tremblay, J.E., Lovejoy, C., Ferguson, S.H., Hunt, B.P.V., and Fortier, L. 2012. Current state and trends in Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems: II. Heterotrophic food web, pelagic-benthic coupling, and biodiversity. Climatic Change 115(1): 179-205. doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0483-8.

LifeLinkedtoIce Amphipods

 

 

The large Gammarus amphipod grows up to about 6 cm in length.
Photos: Shawn Harper/UAF (left photo); B.Bluhm/UAF/CoML (Apherusa); Raskoff/MPC (Gammarus)

 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

 

LifeLinkedtoIce Algae and phytoplankton

Ice algae accounts for less than 1% of the annual primary production at this coastal location, but the bloom occurs at least a month before any primary production is available from phytoplankton. Farther offshore, ice algae contribute much more to the total annual production: as much as over 50% [4]. 

 

Adapted from Mikkelsen et al. 2008 [58]

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

 

LifeLinkedtoIce Melosira arctica under ice and on the ocean floor

Photos: M. Fernandez-Mendez (left) and A. Boetius/Alfred Wegener Institute (right); Seija Hällfors/ Finnish Environment Institute SYKE (inset microscopic view of the diatom Melosira arctica)

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7. 

LifeLinkedtoIce Phytoplankton

 

The number of species depends partly on what has been studied. Proportions vary somewhat around the Arctic, but diatoms and dinoflagellates are the most diverse groups everywhere. The greatest sampling effort has been in the Laptev Sea, Hudson Bay, and the Norwegian sector of the Barents Sea. Species shown are among the most commonly recorded.
Data from Poulin et al. 2011 [65]

Photos (taken through light microscopes): clockwise from top right Dr. Gerhard Dieckmann/Alfred Wegener Institute; Gert Hansen/Nordic Microalgae (www.nordicmicroalgae.org); Alexandra/Alfred Wegener Institute; Marine Productivity
Laboratory, Fisheries and Oceans Canada

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source.

Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Phytoplankton density

Samples are from the upper ocean during summer. Points on the graphs are averages of data for 23 stations that were distributed across the Canada Basin.

From Li et al. 2009 [127]

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Arctic benthic diversity

 

There are about 4,500 known species of multi-cellular benthic invertebrates, with highest diversity in the shelf areas, and about 160 to 210 species of seaweeds (macroalgae).

 

Based on Josefson et al. 2013 [73] and Bluhm et al. 2011 [63]
Photo: Benthic samples from the Chukchi Sea, 2004–2005 Russian-American Long-term Census of the Arctic (photo by B. Bluhm/UAF/RUSALCA 2004)

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Zones of high benthic biomass

 

 

The lines are “isolines”, meaning they connect areas with the same value of benthic biomass (left column) or ice concentration (right column). They are displayed the same way a topographic map shows elevation contours. For example, the area enclosed by the isoline labeled 500 in the map in the lower left hand corner has a biomass of 500 g/m2 or more. The zones with average long durations of 20% ice cover (right column) are polynyas and marginal ice zones associated with land-fast ice. Statistical analysis reveals that the zones of high biomass are significantly associated with the zones of long duration of ice-edge conditions.

 

Figure prepared for this report by S. Denisenko, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, based on archived data from 950 stations from scientific expeditions conducted 1932–1935, 1968–1970, 1975–1986 and 1993–1995. Ice concentration data from Schlitzer 2012 [173], calculated as 1960–1990 averages

 

 

 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Number of fish species found in Arctic waters

Species numbers are approximate.

 

Drawing is of a polar cod.
Data from Christiansen et al. 2013 [207]

 

 

 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Simple sea ice food web

 

Polar cod feed on amphipods under the ice and rest in sheltered spaces in the ice such as the seawater wedges shown.
Based on Gradinger and Bluhm 2004 [208];

photos: Gradinger and Bluhm / UAF/NOAA/CoML (top), Shawn Harper/ UAF (bottom)

 

 

 

 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Sea ice Ecosystem structure

Change in ecosystem structure that may result from reduction of sea ice and related temperature changes: an illustration based on the Chukchi Sea food web 

 

Adapted from Hopcroft et al. 2008 [95], based on Carroll and Carroll 2003 [98] 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

 

 

 

95. Hopcroft, R., Bluhm, B., and Gradinger, R. (eds). 2008. Arctic Ocean synthesis: Analysis of climate change impacts in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas with strategies for future research. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska, and North Pacific Research Board, Fairbanks, Alaska.

 

98. Carroll, M.L., and Carroll, J. 2003. The Arctic seas. In Biogeochemistry of Marine Systems. Edited by Black, K.D., and Shimmield, G.B. CRC Press, Boca Raton, US. pp. 127-156.

 

 

ABA 2013 Table 07 07 Densitie 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 7.7. Mean population densities (1,000/m2) of the numerically dominant soil invertebrate groups across a variety of habitats and dates at selected Arctic sites. 

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 08 01 Invertebrates 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 8.1. Overview of free-living invertebrate taxa in the Arctic Ocean area as defined in Fig. 6.4 in Christiansen & Reist, Chapter 6, but excluding the Bering and Norwegian Seas. Estimates based on Sirenko (2001) and updates of ArcOD researchers (from Gradinger et al. 2010a).

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 14 14 Plankton 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 14.14. Conceptual model of seasonal plankton succession in W Greenland in a) current and b) future warming conditions.(Adapted from Rysgaard & Glud 2007.)

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 08 01 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 8.1. Map of the Arctic Ocean with superimposed stacked bars representing species numbers of macro zoobenthos from different shelf sea areas: Crustacea+Mollusca+Echinodermata (blue) and Annelida (black). Compiled by Piepenburg et al. (2011).

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 08 03 Macrofauna 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 8.3. The number of macrofauna species in the Laptev Sea over time, likely illustrating eff ects of increased sampling effort.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 08 02 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 8.2. Summary of the Arctic crustacean fauna inventory (based on Sirenko 2001 list) updated with new descriptions and distribution records from the Census of Marine Life (Bluhm et al. 2011a). Crustacea represent the largest component of the Arthropoda, which is the most speciose phylum in the Arctic.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 08 04 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 8.4. Upper panel: Numbers of annelid species recorded from each of seven regional Arctic seas (Sirenko 2001). Note: current values are expected to be somewhat higher, but updated records in this format are not available at this time. Lower panel: Proportions of annelid species numbers from each of seven regional Arctic seas and of the total number of all species recorded from the Arctic seas. Data source as for panel above.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 08 03 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 8.3. Species richness estimates of the bryozoan fauna in the Eurasian seas of the Arctic and in the Canadian Arctic archipelago (Denisenko 2011).

 

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ABA 2013 08 02 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 8.2. Map of the Arctic Ocean showing the distribution of species richness of Bryozoa for different shelf seas along the Eurasian continental shelf. 

 

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08 05A 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 8.5. Photographs of the sea floor from eastern Baffin Bay in W Greenland, showing different benthic habitats. (A) soft mud, (B) soft sediment with shells and stones, (C) gravelly bottom and (D) boulder bottom (from Sejr et al. 2011).

 

Zip file includes 4 image files

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 07 06 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 7.6. Wider distribution patterns of species within selected arthropod taxa from Greenland, showing affinities with the Holarctic, Nearctic and Palearctic regions (from Makarova & Böcher 2009).

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 07 04 Springtail 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 7.4. Biodiversity of springtail species within and among biogeographic sectors of the low (upper case letter) and high Arctic (lower case letter).

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 07 05 Collembola Butterflies 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 7.5. The number of species of springtail and butterfly species recorded from the diff erent sectors of the Arctic (from Babenko 2005 and Chernov & Tatarinov 2006). Data for the high Arctic springtails alone are given in parentheses. Note that not all sectors have been sampled with equal thoroughness. For butterflies, the Ural and Western Siberian sectors are combined..

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 07 03 Temperature 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 7.3. Relationship between numbers of spider, carabid beetle and butterfly species and mean July temperature at sites along south to north transects in Taimyr, Middle Siberia and Beringia (based on data from Chernov 1995, Chernov et al. 2000, Chernov & Makarova 2008).

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 07 04 Habitat 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 7.4. Habitat preferences of common Arctic springtail species selected to illustrate variation in the range of habitats utilised, often by related species. Data are from Fjellberg (1994) with nomenclature updated from Babenko & Fjellberg (2006).

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 07 02 Testate Amoebae 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 7.2. The number of species of testate amoebae unique to particular habitat types, expressed as a percentage of the total species found within that habitat. Data are from several sites spread across the Arctic compiled by Beyens & Chardez (1995).

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 07 03 Invertebrates 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 7.3. Number of species in the dominant or relatively wellstudied groups of invertebrates in the major biogeographical regions of the low and high Arctic. Greenland, in addition to being included within the traditional Nearctic region, is also considered as a separate unit as its fauna cannot be considered as being solely derived from the Nearctic region. 

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 02 02 Beringia 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 2.2. Beringia and other glacial refugia in the Arctic: distribution of ice cover (white shading) and ice-free areas in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial maximum, 18,000 years ago (after Ray & Adams 2001). Beringia is enclosed within the red oval.

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Box 14 02 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Box 14.2 Figure 1. Circumpolar map of known polynyas. Note that some polynyas no longer exist in the form known from their recent history.

(Source: Barber & Masson 2007.)

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 18 02 ReindeerRussia 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 18.2. Numbers (× 1,000) of reindeer in the main reindeer husbandry areas of Russia, 1990, 2000 and 2010.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 18 03 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 18.3. Trends in the six ecosystem services examined in this chapter (Provisioning and Cultural Services). Note that an increasing trend is not necessary a good thing overall, as increased use of Arctic resources may lead to increased conflicts among user groups, or increasing existence values may be the result of decreased wilderness or wild species creating higher value for what remains.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 08 06 Meiofauna 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 8.6. Map of the Russian Arctic showing the distribution of meiofauna diversity for different areas (from Spiridonov et al. 2011). Sizes of the cakes relates to total number of taxa indicated above each cake.

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 18 01 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 18.1. Marine incidents involving cruise ships in Arctic and Antarctic waters (the same vessels often alternate polar region according to season) (aggregated from reports from national coast guards, admiralty courts and insurers, and www.cruisejunkie.com).

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Box 18 05 Table 01 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Box 18.5 Table 1. Seabird harvests around the Arctic (from Merkel 2010a). Pop. = population.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Box 18 05 Seabirds 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Box 18.5 Figure 1. Rate of population decline of bird colonies in the municipality of Upernavik in relation to distance to the nearest settlement or town. The shorter the distance, the greater the rate of decline (Evans & Kampp 1991).

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 18 06 Greenland 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 18.6. The regions of Greenland’s coastal areas that can be reached on day trips by motorboat, shown by circles with a radius of 100 km from communities of more than 1,000 inhabitants and generally bigger boats and 50 km from settlements of less than 1,000 inhabitants with generally smaller boats. The figure illustrates that no locations in the populated southern parts of Greenland are out of reach for hunters (Due & Ingerslev 2000).

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 18 05 Hunters 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 18.5. a) Numbers of commercial hunters (pink) versus number of recreational hunters (blue) who have reported harvest of seabirds since 1993 in Greenland; b) Numbers of Greenland hunters who have reported harvest of caribou since 1993

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 18 04 InternationalWaters 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 18.4. Map of international waters (beyond the coastal states’ EEZs) in the Arctic Ocean and marginal seas.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 18 03 ReindeerArctic 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 18.3. Reindeer populations (x 1,000) in selected Arctic countries, 1990, 2000 and 2007 (www.reindeerportal.com).

 

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ABA 2013 Table 18 02 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 18.2. Services identified in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), compared with the six services examined in this chapter (Provisioning and Cultural Services). Note that two MEA categories (supporting services, regulating services) are not addressed in this chapter  (Provisioning and Cultural Services).

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 18 01 Reindeer 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 18.1. Distribution (per cent) of domesticated reindeer on countries of the circumpolar North (www.reindeerportal.org).

 

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ABA 2013 17 02 MolecularGenetics 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 17.2. Molecular genetics can be used to study functional genes that are important in responding to environmental change or to identify individuals, and then determine relationships between individuals, populations (represented here by brown boxes), metapopulations (turquoise boxes) or species (light blue boxes). We explore how species have responded to change in the past (such as vicariant events that split larger groups into smaller groups), so that we can forecast how species will respond to changes in the future.

 

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ABA 2013 17 01 Museum 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 17.1. An Arctic Observatory showing the centrality of a natural history museum to multiple research, teaching, management, policy and outreach initiatives in the Arctic.

 

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ABA 2013 16 02 Map Habitat 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 16.2. Current potential range of non-native aquatic plant hydrilla Hydrilla spp. if it invaded Alaska today and projected potential range with climate warming (adapted from Bella 2009).

 

Zip file includes map and legend 

 

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ABA 2013 16 01 ShipTransit 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 16.1. Ship transits of the Northwest Passage 1906-2011. From the NWT State of the Environment report (ENR 2011) with data from NORDREG updated to 2012.

 

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ABA 2013 15 02 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 15.2. A model for integrated survey and inventory to explore diversity in northern host-parasite systems. 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 15 01 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 15.1. Characteristics of Arctic host-parasite systems.

 

 

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ABA 2013 15 01 Cyclus 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 15.1. Life cycles for parasites. 

Photo: Matakiel Island, Northern Sea of Okhotsk, by E.P. Hoberg.

 

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ABA 2013 Table 19 01 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 19.1. Comparison of land areas impacted by oil and gas exploitation in northern Alaska and NW Siberia, respectively (Khitun & Rebristaya 2002, Khitun 1997, VNIPIGazdovycha 2005, Forbes et al. 2009, Gilders & Cronin 2000, Walker 1996).

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 08 07 NematodeSpecies 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 8.7. Stacked bar plot showing the number of nematode species for each dominant genus at different water depths along the bathymetric HAUSGARTEN transect (Hoste 2006).

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 08 08 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 8.8. Taxonomic composition of the epi-/megafauna at the HAUSGARTEN observatory from photographic transects covering different water depth ranges (A: 1,313-1,316 m; B: 1,642-1,688 m; C: 2,432-2,629 m; D: 2,965-3,907 m; E: 5,333-5,404 m) (Soltwedel et al. 2009a). “Morphotypes” denote unrecognised organisms

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 08 09 BarentsSea 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 8.9. Biogeographic borders in the Barents Sea based on species distributions of bryozoans. Average position of the border with 50:50% of Atlantic boreal and Arctic species numbers is indicated by the pink line, and the red and green lines indicate the extreme positions of the border in cold and warm periods respectively. Area III between them is the transitional zone between the Atlantic boreal and the Arctic regions. Thus, area I always has > 50% Atlantic boreal species, and area II always > 50% Arctic species (after Denisenko 1990).

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 08 10 MetazoanMeiofauna 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 8.10. Metazoan meiofauna densities along the bathymetric HAUSGARTEN transect from 2000 to 2004 (redrawn from Hoste et al. 2007).

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 08 11 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 8.11. Interannual changes in the climatic index of the Barents Sea (1), with running mean curve (2), reflecting the cumulative variability of major indicators of climate (such as sea and air temperature and ice coverage), with warm periods marked in red and cold periods in blue). The periods of main quantitative benthos surveys are shown as red ellipses in the chart (modified from Anisimova et al. 2011).

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 20 05 Map LanguageVitality 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 20.5.Map showing the languages colour coded after their vitality status as noted by UNESCO.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

 

UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the Worlds Languages in Danger 2012. http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/ [accessed 14 December 2012]

UNESCO 2012. Endangered languages of Indigenous peoples of Siberia. http://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/ [accessed 14 December 2012]

ABA 2013 20 04 Vitality 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 20.4. Vitality of Arctic languages as classified by UNESCO (2012).

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 20 02 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 20.2. Languages with the greatest increase and decrease in numbers of speakers.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 20 02 Populationsize 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 20.2. Change in population (estimated percentages) for 47 indigenous groups between 1989 and 2010.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 20 01 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 20.1. Languages displaying an increase in absolute numbers of speakers, proportion of speakers and net population.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 19 04 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 19.4. Trends in the five indicators considered in this chapter (Disturbance, Feedbacks and Conservation). Note that “increasing” may be regarded as positive or negative depending on the indicator.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 19 03 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 19.3. Arctic natural resource monitoring schemes across a spectrum of possible monitoring approaches based on the relative participation of different actors (modified from Danielsen et al. 2009).

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 19 02 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 19.2. Total Arctic territories in IUCN protection categories (updated from CAFF 2010). N.B.: The definition of Arctic for this table is the CAFF boundary, not the ABA boundary.

 

Zip file includes table and image of a map.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 19 01 Yamal 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 19.1. Map of the Yamal Peninsula, Russia, showing industrial infrastructure and other features.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 20 1

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 20

Arctic indigenous languages status and trends. Data in the table was collected from census records and academic sources. Where possible, CAFF countries and indigenous peoples organizations (Permanent Participants to the Arctic Council) also provided statistical information.

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 10

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 10.2

Data on diversity of lichens and lichenicolous fungi in the Arctic and separately for the sectors of the Arctic (Beringia, Canada, North Atlantic, European Russia, W and E Siberia) and the single floristic provinces: numbers of species, numbers of species in the low and high Arctic, percentage of species with respective growth form (crustose, squamulose, foliose, fruticose), the estimated number of missing crustose lichen species (explanations below), percentage of species on the respective substrate on which the lichen species grow, and rarity of species within and outside the Arctic.

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Appendix 6 2 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 6.2

 

Marine fishes in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas (AOAS).

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 6.1.1-6.1.4

 

Appendix 6.1.1. Freshwater and diadromous fish species by area of occurrence within the High Arctic, Low Arctic and sub-Arctic

Appendix 6.1.2. Freshwater and diadromous fishes of the Palearctic and Nearctic regions.

Appendix 6.1.3. Occurrence of freshwater and diadromous fishes in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of the seven geographical regions referred to in the main text.

Appendix 6.1.4. Freshwater and diadromous fish species status summary for species assessed at some level of risk by country or region.

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 05 01 Frog 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 5.1. Known locations of Eastern Hemisphere Arctic amphibian and reptile species.

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 17 1

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 17.1

Selected phylogenetic studies of (or including) Arctic taxa. Markers used: nDNA = nuclear DNA marker; RAPD = random amplified polymorphic DNA; AFLP = amplified fragment length polymorphism, ITS = internal transcribed spacer; mtDNA = mitochondrial DNA (cytb = cytochrome b; COI = cytochrome oxidase I; COI III = cytochrome oxidase III), seq = sequence data; rest = restriction data; cpDNA = chloroplast DNA; amtDNA = ancient mtDNA; SSCP = single stranded conformation polymorphism.

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 9 8

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 9.8

The thirty moss families of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago with reference number (Ireland et al. 1987) in brackets. Number of species in each family, number of genera in family, and number of species in each genera are given.Species-rich genera and families are highlighted in grey.

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 3 1

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013. Appendix 3.1 Terrestrial Mammals.

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 3 2

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 3.2 Marine Mammals

 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 4 1

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 4.1 Breeding bird species in the different geographic zones of the low and high Arctic.

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

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