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Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 9.1

List of all Arctic vascular plant species (with PAF code number) and their distribution in the 21 Arctic floristic provinces and 5 subzones based on Elven (2007).

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Appendix 9.2

The 106 Arctic endemic vascular plant species (with PAF code number) and their distribution in the Arctic floristic provinces and subzones (A-E) compiled from Elven (2007). 

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Appendix 9.3

Borderline vascular plant species (“b”) with indication of PAF code number, reaching the southernmost part of the Arctic subzone E. Arctic floristic provinces, subzones (A-E), neighbouring boreal or boreo-alpine zone (N) derived from Elven (2007).

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Appendix 9.4

Stabilized introductions (*) and casual introductions (**) among the vascular plants in the Arctic derived from Elven (2007) with indication of PAF code number. Arctic floristic provinces and subzones according to Elven (2007). Species ordered by the number of floristic provinces where the species occurs. 

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Appendix 9.5

The assignment of liverwort genera of Arctic Russia to families after Konstantinova et al. (2009) and Damsholt (2002). Differences in family classification highlighted in violet. Species-rich families are highlighted in grey.

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Appendix 9.6

Species list of liverworts of Svalbard (Frisvoll & Elvebakk 1996) with nomenclature of families after Damsholt (2002). Species-rich families are highlighted in grey.

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Appendix 9.7

Species list with full names of liverworts of Greenland according to Damsholt (2010, unpublished) including 22 families, 50 genera and 173 species.

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Table 10.3. Species richness of lichens in sub-, low and high Arctic Greenland on different substrates (n = 1,694 species, distribution unknown for 56 species).

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Figure 13.5. Representative diatom profiles from the circumpolar Arctic showing the character and timing of recent assemblage shifts.

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Figure 13.4. Theoretical changes in species diversity along river latitudinal gradients. Panel A depicts the current situation, as demonstrated in Figure 13.1. Panel B denotes the eff ect of physiological release whereby warming climates permit an increasing number of species to move north. Disproportionate impacts are expected in the north because of existing low diversity. Panel C depicts the impact of anthropogenic-facilitated invasions resulting from species transplants. Panel D depicts localized species extinctions caused by increased competition along the latitudinal gradient, with the largest impacts expected in the North.

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Figure 13.3. Number of species reported for drainage basins in western and eastern Canada arranged on a south to north gradient. Along the western gradient, gray bars: MB = Mackenzie River basin, GSL = Great Slave Lake and its tributaries, PRB = Peel River basin, and AA = Arctic archipelago. Along the eastern gradient, white bars: NRB is the Nottaway River basin, CRB is the Caniapiscau River basin, NL is northern Labrador and PRB is the Payne River basin. Data sources include: Lindsey & MacPhail (1986), Roy (1989), Power (1997) and Power et al. (2008).

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Box 13.3 Table 1. Summary of gradients in the physical properties, nutrient regimes, and biotic communities as a result of differing river-to-lake connection times among lakes of the Mackenzie Delta (from Lesack & Marsh 2010).

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Figure 13.2. Species number of water fleas Cladocera and copepods along a longitudinal gradient 68-78° N in different high latitude regions in North America and northern Europe (from Rautio et al. 2011).

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Box 13.2 Figure 1. (a) Locations of Siberian lakes analyzed and related permafrost distribution, (b) satellite images depicting the decline of total lake abundance since 1973, (c) associated permanent drainage and revegetation of former lakebeds, (d) net increases in lake abundance and associated surface ponding (from Smith et al. 2005).

ZIP file includes all data

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Figure 13.1. The inter-relationships among dominant environmental and anthropogenic drivers and their potential eff ects on freshwater ecosystems and related ecological services. Dashed lines represent the potential feedbacks to the biotic community either directly or indirectly (blue arrows) via abiotic controls that occur when ecosystem properties are modifi ed by various stressors. Further feedbacks occur as we modify our activities in response to changes (impoverishment) in ecosystem goods and services (adapted from Hooper et al. 2005).

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Table 10.5. Numbers of potentially endemic lichens in the Arctic together with lichen species that are rare outside the Arctic, distributed by low and high Arctic, province or sector and their life form. Only species with known distribution are included (n = 358; endemic: 143, rare: 215). For explanation of province and sector, see Fig. 10.1.

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Figure 10.3. The commonness of lichen species in the Arctic in four categories: very rare, rare, scattered and common. The sizes of the pie charts correspond to the species number. The estimated global occurrences of these species within each category are shown within each pie chart (based on data including categorization from Kristinsson et al. 2010; n = 1,691, insufficient data for 59 of the 1,750 known species in the Arctic)..

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Table 10.4. Examples of Arctic studies documenting high small-scale species richness of lichens in relation to vascular plants and bryophytes within study plots of different size in homogeneous vegetation (Greenland: all low Arctic, Canada: high Arctic).

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Figure 10.2. Species richness of lichenicolous fungi in Arctic floristic provinces. Species richness in Arctic sectors: Beringia 157, Canada 89, North Atlantic 256, European Russia 90 & western and eastern Siberia 176 (see Fig. 10.1 for delimitation). Continental species richness: North America 80, Greenland 231, Europe 111 and Asia 243.

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Figure 13.6. Occurrence and pigmentation of water fleas Daphnia sp. in ponds with different dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. 

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Figure 10.1. Species richness of lichens in Arctic (a) floristic provinces and (b) sectors. Provinces are shown with diff erent colors (n = 1,750). (b) BER: Beringia, CND: Canada, NA: North Atlantic, EuRu: European Russia & western Siberia, ESib: eastern Siberia. Continental species richness: North America 1,026, Greenland 1,136, Europe 1,075 and Asia 1,178.

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Table 10.2. Compilation of reported number of fungi (non-lichenized fungi) species from diff erent Arctic regions. No compilation exists for the main North America.

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Table 10.1. Known and estimated total species richness of Arctic fungi.

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Table 9.9. Survey of total numbers of marine unicellular eukaryote taxa in Arctic regions (Poulin et al. 2011).

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Table 9.8. Worldwide recognized and estimated numbers of algal species. Sources: Norton et al. (1996) and Poulin & Williams (2002).

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Table 9.7. Numbers of moss species in sectors and regions of the Russian Arctic after Afonina & Czernadjeva (1996).

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Table 9.6. Species numbers of species-rich liverwort genera and families. Numbers highlighted in grey are used in calculating the percentage of the total liverwort flora. Listed are liverwort genera with at least 10 species and families with at least nine.

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Table 9.5. Species numbers of species-rich moss genera and families. Numbers highlighted in grey fields are used in calculating the percentage of the total moss flora. Listed are Splachnum, genera with at least 10 species and families with at least nine species.

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Table 9.4. The 20 Arctic endemic species and subspecies known only from one Arctic floristic province and one subzone as rare (r), and as such potentially threatened. Species ordered by family; their status in Talbot et al. (1999) is also indicated where included: VU = vulnerable; DD = data defi cient; LR = lower risk; nt = near threatened.

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Table 9.3. Fourteen species and subspecies distributed in all 21 floristic provinces and five subzones.

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Table 9.2. Species numbers in floristic provinces and subzones.

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ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖏᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ a) ᐃᑳᕆᐊᖅᑐᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑑᑉ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔫᑉ
ᐊᑭᐊᓄᐊᕐᕆᐊᕕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑎᒍᑦ (ᑕᓪᓕᒪᐃᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᑐᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓪᓗᑎᒃ 1975−ᒥᒃ
2009-ᒧᑦ), ᐊᒻᒪᓗ b) ᒥᑦᑐᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑲᓛᖡᑦ ᓄᓈᓐᓄᑦ, ᐊᑯᑭᑦᑐᕐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ
(ᐳᓚᕋᑎᓖᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ, 2003−ᒥᒃ 2008−ᒧᑦ). (AMSA−ᑯᓐᓂᒃ 2009
ᐊᒻᒪᓗ NORDREG−ᑯᓐᓂᒃ 2009.)

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Figure 14.13. Seasonal succession of ice cover, phytoplankton, copepods and protozooplankton (ciliates and dinoflagellates) in Disko Bay, W Greenland, 1996-1997. Sea ice cover is represented in white in a). The vertical blue line indicates the time when the bulk of Calanus spp. biomass leaves the surface layer giving room for an additional peak in protozooplankton biomass. (Adapted from Madsen et al. 2001 and Levinsen et al. 2000.)

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Figure 14.12. Differences in trophic pathways based on availability of the copepod C. marshallae and the euphausiid T. raschii on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf.

(Source: Hunt et al. 2011.).

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Figure 14.11. Trend in killer whale Orcinus orca observations in the Hudson Bay region, Canada (sources: Hidgon & Ferguson 2009 and Higdon et al. 2011).

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Figure 14.10. Schematic distribution of NE Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in the Barents Sea a) prior to and b) during the 20th century warm period (source: Drinkwater 2011).

Zip file includes image og map and image of Schematic distribution of NE Atlantic cod the Barents Sea

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Box 14.6 Figure 1. Abundance estimates for the western Arctic bowhead whale stock in the Beaufort Sea, 1978 to 2001. Vertical bars are standard deviations.

(Source: Zeh & Punt 2005.)

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Figure 14.9. Mean trophic levels in seven sub-Arctic and Arctic Large Marine Ecosystems.

Source: Sherman & Hempel (2008), SeaAroundUs Project (2010).

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Box 14.4 Figure 1. a) Mean autumn (August-September) temperature of the West Spitsbergen Current at about 79° N between 100 and 300 m depth. b) Correlation between the NAO Index (3-year mean calculated from September-August) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’). The secondary y-axis scale (species diversity) is inverted.

(Source: Beuchel et al. 2006.)

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Figure 14.8. Schematics of historical and contemporary pelagic coastal food webs off Svalbard, assuming comparable primary and secondary production. Values are consumption in Kcal per m² per year. Thickness of arrows is relative to consumption values.

(Source: Weslawski et al. 2000.) 

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Table 14.1. Estimated number of taxa within Arctic Seas (modified after Bluhm et al. 2011 and references therein).

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Figure 14.7. Total landings of commercial fish species (x 1,000 tons) in seven Arctic Large Marine Ecosystems (source: Sherman & Hempel 2008 and SeaAroundUs Project 2010).

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Количество судов, а) прошедших по Северо-Западному проходу (с пятилетним
интервалом с 1975 по 2009 гг.), и b) заходы в Гренландию (только круизные суда, с 2003
по 2008 гг. (AMSA 2009 и NORDREG 2009.)

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Table 9.1. Summary table of Arctic vascular plant species and distribution by Arctic flora province and subzone based on Elven (2007). Arctic floristic provinces, subzones (A-E), neighbouring boreal or boreal-alpine zone (N) and distribution derived from Elven (2007).

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Figure 14.6. Number of ships a) transiting through the Northwest Passage (five year intervals, from 1975 to 2009), and b) landing in Greenland (cruise ships only, from 2003 to 2008. (Sources: AMSA 2009 and NORDREG 2009.)

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Места аварий и происшествий с морскими
судами в 1995-2004 гг. (AMSA, 2009)

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ᓇᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᐱᓂᕐᓗᒃᓯᒪᔪᕕᓂᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ
ᐱᕐᓘᕿᔪᕕᓂᐅᓂᖏᑦ 1995-2004 (AMSA, 2009)

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Figure 14.5. Locations of sub-Arctic and Arctic shipping accidents and incident causes, 1995-2004

(source: AMSA 2009).

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Figure 14.4. Circumpolar distribution and probability of potential petroleum reserves (source: US Geological Survey 2011).

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Box 14.1 Figure 1. Known locations of hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps in the Arctic. Map created using Ocean Data View, Schlitzer 2010.

(sources: Beaulieu 2010, Campbell 2006)

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Figure 14.3. Schematics of different water masses in the Arctic Ocean, emphasizing vertical stratifi cation

(source: AMAP 1998).

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Figure 14.2. Surface circulation of the Norwegian and Barents Seas. The red arrows represent the warm, saline Atlantic waters; the white the cold, fresher Arctic waters and the yellow the low salinity coastal waters.

Source: Drinkwater 2011.)

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Figure 14.1. Bathymetric map of the Arctic Ocean showing general circulation and the importance of riverine inflow (adapted from Carmack 2000 and Jakobsson et al. 2004, 2008).

ZIP file includes map and legend

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Figure 13.7. Relationship between (a) particulate mercury concentration and water discharge for the Mackenzie River at Arctic Red River, and (b) changes in particulate and dissolved mercury concentrations and water discharge for the Mackenzie River during the spring freshet 2004. (Source: Leitch et al. 2007 from Stern et al. 2012).

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Figure 1.4. Common eider Somateria mollissima population depletion and recovery in W Greenland from the early 19th century to the present (estimates by F. Merkel in litt. based on data from Müller 1906 (down collection), Merkel 2002, 2004a, Christensen & Falk 2001 and annual growth rates from 2001 to 2007 in NW Greenland from Merkel 2010). The depletion was probably mainly caused by overharvest (hunting and egg collection), while the recovery was the result of tightened legislation and cooperation with local hunters since 2001 (Gilliland et al. 2009, Merkel 2010).

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Figure 3.3. Main ecological relationships linking humans, terrestrial carnivorous mammals and their shared prey, as well as some of the emotions felt by humans towards carnivores.

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Box 3.2 Figure1. Recent time series abundance estimates (figures in thousands of animals) for some migratory tundra caribou and wild reindeer herds (data courtesy of Circum Arctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network (CARMA), and Russell & Gunn 2012).

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Box 3.1 Figure1. Temporal changes in lemming abundance at various circumpolar sites: A)Taymyr Peninsula, Russia (Siberian brown lemming, stars are years with unquantifi ed high densities; data courtesy of B. Ebbinge & I. Popov); B) Banks Island, Canada (Nearctic collared lemming and Nearctic brown lemming; data courtesy of Parks Canada and L. Nguyen); C) Bylot Island, Canada (Nearctic brown lemming in wet (black circles) and mesic (open circles) habitats; data courtesy G. Gauthier); D) NE Greenland (Nearctic collared lemming at Traill Island (black triangles) and Zackenberg (open triangles); data courtesy of B. Sittler and N.M. Schmidt).

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Table 3.2. Summary of major features of small rodent population dynamics at circumpolar monitoring sites with rodent focus. In addition, reports of relative abundance of small rodents in association with breeding bird studies from approximately the last 15 years can be found at the Arctic Birds Breeding Conditions Survey: http://www.arcticbirds.net

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Table 3.1. Summary of historical population estimates for 22 circumpolar caribou and wild reindeer herds. Data courtesy of Circum-Arctic Rangifer Monitoring Assessment Network (CARMA) and D.E. Russell & A. Gunn; http://www.carmanetwork.com/display/public/home. Data vary substantially among herds and over time in accuracy and precision, and represent only general patterns of abundance.

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Figure 3.2. Number of marine mammal species in Arctic marine regions classified by resident species (n = 11 total) or all species (including seasonal visitors, n = 35 total).

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Figure 3.1. Number of terrestrial mammal species occupying low and high Arctic zones in each of the circumpolar Arctic regions. Data are summarized from Appendix 3.1.

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Table 2.1. Selected characteristics of species occurring in the Arctic, by taxonomic group. In addition to those species listed, there are an estimated 7,100 described and as-yet undescribed species of endoparasites and several thousand groups of microorganisms.

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Figure 2.1. Global patterns of species richness for mammals (A) and birds (B). Maps produced by the Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen.

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Figure 1.6. Temperature response (°C) to an increase of CO2 from 280 to 400 p.p.m. calculated as ‘Earth System Sensitivity’ resulting in significantly larger sensitivity than in ‘traditional’ models. From Lunt et al. (2010) and Richardson et al. (2011). Reprinted with permission from Nature Publishing Group.

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Figure 1.5. Arctic Ocean sea ice loss in summer has occurred much faster than projections had anticipated (moderated from Stroeve et al. 2012

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Figure 3.4. Diversity of terrestrial carnivorous mammals across the circumpolar Arctic and sub-Arctic (based on IUCN distribution maps http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals).

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Figure 1.3. In 1987, the breeding population of common murre Uria aalge in the Barents Sea collapsed as a result of concomitantly low populations of their preferred prey, 0-group Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, capelin Mallotus villosus and 0-group Atlantic herring Clupea harengus. These low fish population levels were probably caused by a combination of climate variability, ocean current variability and overharvest with different weight of these causes between populations. Since such a situation of concomitantly low populations has not occurred since then (upper panel), the annual common murre population growth on Hornøya in NE Norway has remained high, and the murre population on this island is now higher than before the collapse (from Erikstad et al. 2013).

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Distribution of population time series data across the political cooperation area of CAFF (red line).

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Box 1.4 Figure 1.

Comparison of the three year running average for the CBMP pelagic Arctic fish index and the Arctic Oscillation (AO).
Oscillation data from: http://esri.noaa.gov/psd/data/correlation/ao.data

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Circumpolar Calidris sandpiper species richness.
From Zöckler (1998).

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World species richness in vascular plants (from Settele et al. 2010; printed with permission from Pensoft Publishers).

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Appendix 17.3

Phylogeographic and population genetics studies of selected Arctic species. Markers used: nDNA = nuclear DNA; RAPD = random amplified polymorphic DNA; AFLP = amplified fragment length polymorphism, ITS = internal transcribed spacer; mtDNA = mitochondrial DNA (cytb = cytochrome b; COI = cytochrome oxidase I), SNP = single nucleotide polymorphisms, seq = sequence data; rest = restriction data; cpDNA = chloroplast DNA; amtDNA = ancient mtDNA; SSCP = single stranded conformation polymorphism. Current Distribution: HA = Holarctic; NA = Nearctic; PA = Palearctic; wBer = western Beringia.

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Appendix 17.2

Cryptic speciation in selected Arctic terrestrial and marine species. Markers used: nDNA = nuclear DNA marker; AFLP = amplified fragment length polymorphism, ITS = internal transcribed spacer; mtDNA = mitochondrial DNA (cytb = cytochrome b; CR = control region; COI = cytochrome oxidase I; COIII = cytochrome oxidase III)), seq = sequence data; rest = restriction data; cpDNA = chloroplast DNA, цsats = microsatellites.

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Appendix 15.2

Parasite diversity and species richness – emphasizing terrestrial mammals as a model.

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Appendix 15.1

Baselines for parasite diversity.

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Appendix 12.2

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Appendix 12.1

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Figure 4.5. Numbers of seabird species in the Northern Hemisphere in relation to latitude, by 10 ºN zones, beginning at the equator. Only Atlantic and Pacific species are included (compiled from maps in Harrison 1996).

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Figure 9.4. Distribution types and plant functional types of the 106 Arctic endemic vascular plant species.

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Figure 9.3. Characteristics of the Arctic vascular plant flora.

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Figure 9.2. Map of species richness and endemicity of Arctic vascular plant floras in floristic provinces of the Arctic. Species richness of the fl oristic provinces is expressed as percentage of the total species richness of the Arctic (2,218 species), and species endemicity of the floristic provinces as rounded off percentage of the total number of Arctic endemic species (106). Floristic provinces and subzones according to Elven (2007).

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Figure 9.1. Bioclimatic subzones of the Arctic territory according to the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM Team 2003, Walker et al. 2005).

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Table 7.2. Number of genera and species of insect within each family across the Nearctic region illustrating further the taxonomic biodiversity within a selected class of Arctic invertebrate. Data are from Danks (1981) and should be viewed with the caveats noted in the text. Note also that the boundary between the high and low Arctic in the Canadian Archipelago diff ers slightly from that used in other sections of the Assessment.

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Table 7.1. A typical biodiversity profile across invertebrate taxa for a high Arctic region: the diversity of the terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates of Svalbard, listing the number of families, genera and species for each known group.

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Figure 7.1. The changing relative percentages of herbivorous, aquatic and other terrestrial insect species groups with respect to increasing climate severity within the Arctic regions of North America. Note that the aquatic species are predominantly dipteran flies with larval aquatic stages and water beetles (redrawn from Danks 1992).

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Figure 5.2. Known locations of Western Hemisphere Arctic amphibians. Wood frog locations are represented by brown dots. Boreal chorus frog locations are represented by yellow dots.

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Table 5.1. Amphibian and reptile taxa of the Arctic. ‘Redlisted’ denotes taxa on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. * denotes known trends over the past 10-20 years.

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Figure 4.7. Trends in Arctic landbirds from Christmas Bird Count records between 1966 and 2005 (data courtesy of National Audubon Society and P. Blancher).

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Figure 4.6. Change in the diet of nestling thick-billed murres U. lomvia at Coats Island, 1981-2009. The “Benthic” category includes sculpins (Cottidae, Agonidae) and blennies (Sticheidae, Pholidae, Bleniidae, Zoarcidae). “Other” consists principally of invertebrates.

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Appendix 11.

Taxa of hetorotrophic protists reported from Foxe Basin, Canada (FB), Disko Bay, W Greenland (DB; Vors 1993), the Greenland Sea (GLS; Ikävalko & Gradinger 1997) and Northern Baffin Bay, Canada (NBB; Lovejoy et al. 2002). 18S rRNA genes that are available in Genbank are indicated (18S GB). Sequences recovered from Arctic 18S rRNA gene surveys (see text) are indicated according to frequency under ‘Arctic Gene’. Genera that have also been retrieved from Arctic 18S rRNA gene surveys are marked with an asterics.

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Figure 4.4. Migratory links of shorebirds breeding on the Taimyr Peninsula, N Central Siberia, based on recoveries of ringed individuals. 

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Основные пролетные пути арктических птиц: ежегодные миграции связывают гнездовья птиц в тундре с местами их
зимовок по всему миру (адаптировано из доклада ACIA, 2005).

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ᖃᖓᑕᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕕᐅᒐᔪᒃᑐᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒧᖓᐅᕙᒃᑐᓄᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᕐᓄᑦ. ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᑎᑭᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ
ᒪᓂᒃᑖᕐᕕᐅᕙᒃᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᑕᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᕗᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᓕᖕᓄᑦ (ᐃᔾᔨᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐋᕿᒋᐊᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓗᑎᒃ ᐅᑯᓇᖓᑦ ACIA 2005).

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Figure 4.2. Major flyways of Arctic birds. Bird migration links Arctic breeding areas to all other parts of the globe (adapted from ACIA 2005).

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Figure 4.1. Avian biodiversity in different regions of the Arctic. Charts on the inner circle show species numbers of different bird groups in the high Arctic, on the outer circle in the low Arctic. The size of the charts is scaled to the number of species in each region, which ranges from 32 (Svalbard) to 117 (low Arctic Alaska).

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Table 3.5. Subpopulations or stocks for each true Arctic marine mammal together with abundance estimate (abundance may be from dedicated survey with 95% CI, ballpark/rough estimate, or simulated from Population Viability Analysis). Year for estimate is given together with known trend in abundance (increasing, decreasing, stable or unknown). See text for rates.

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Figure 3.7. Species richness map of marine mammal that are present or seasonally occur in low and high Arctic waters at any time of the year (n = 35).

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Figure 3.6. Species richness of marine mammals (n = 11 core Arctic marine mammals only) in high and low Arctic waters.

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Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 3.5. Regions used to enumerate Arctic marine mammal species. High Arctic and low Arctic marine boundaries are shown with solid and dashed lines, respectively. These were used to define areas in Appendix 3.2. We do not include species that only use sub-Arctic waters, except for the seasonally ice covered Sea of Okhotsk, entirely within the sub-Arctic, where several populations of core Arctic marine mammals occur. Note that while populations and species are enumerated within regions, individuals frequently cross several regional boundaries.

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)

www.caff.is 

The data can be downloaded freely.

Users are requested to reference it source.

Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.