A simple sea ice food web with polar cod, amphipods, ringed seal and polar bear
Polar cod feed on amphipods under the ice and rest in sheltered spaces in the ice such as the seawater wedges shown. photos: Gradinger and Bluhm / UAF/NOAA/CoML (top), Shawn Harper/ UAF (bottom) Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) The data can be downloaded freely. Users are requested to reference the source. Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.
208. Gradinger, R.R., and Bluhm, B.A. 2004. In-situ observations on the distribution and behavior of amphipods and Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) under the sea ice of the High Arctic Canada Basin. Polar Biology 27(10): 595-603. oi:10.1007/s00300-
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