Birds

The bars show survey results at the world’s largest ivory gull nesting colony on Domashny Island. Numbers of nesting ivory gulls fluctuate from year to year depending on environmental conditions in the pre-breeding season (mid-May). In the northeastern Kara Sea, where wildlife is limited by the harsh ice conditions, polynyas are important for foraging [255]. More gulls are able to build up enough fat resources for egg-laying when there is more open water in a large nearby polynya prior to nesting. If the area of the polynya remains below a threshold of about 10,000 square kilometers (dashed line) by mid-May, dramatically fewer gulls nest at the colony, as occurred in 1996, 2009 and 2011. 

From Gavrilo 2011 [222] 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

This chart shows the breakdown by species of identified fish in stomach samples of murres. Polar cod continue to dominate the diets of high Arctic murres, but capelin appear to have replaced polar cod in the low Arctic, where ice has retreated to the greatest extent. Capelin have also appeared in the mid Arctic, where the species was absent in 1985 samples but present in a third of the samples from 2007/08.
From Provencher et al. 2012 [209]

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

Based on analyses of data from areas around 46 murre colonies, grouped into regions. Colony sizes are historical maximum estimates of numbers of birds (representing carrying capacity) rather than current population sizes. This approach avoids the confounding factor of overharvest in some areas in recent decades. Sea ice conditions are based on satellite measurements, 1979 to 2004.

¹Rate of change of fraction of open water, units X 10^-3
2Statistical measure of variability of the rate of change: residual from mean, units X 10^-2
Source: Laidre et al. 2008 [242] 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Основные пролетные пути арктических птиц: ежегодные миграции связывают гнездовья птиц в тундре с местами их
зимовок по всему миру (адаптировано из доклада ACIA, 2005).

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 4.1 Breeding bird species in the different geographic zones of the low and high Arctic.

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Circumpolar Calidris sandpiper species richness.
From Zöckler (1998).

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 1.4. Common eider Somateria mollissima population depletion and recovery in W Greenland from the early 19th century to the present (estimates by F. Merkel in litt. based on data from Müller 1906 (down collection), Merkel 2002, 2004a, Christensen & Falk 2001 and annual growth rates from 2001 to 2007 in NW Greenland from Merkel 2010). The depletion was probably mainly caused by overharvest (hunting and egg collection), while the recovery was the result of tightened legislation and cooperation with local hunters since 2001 (Gilliland et al. 2009, Merkel 2010).

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 1.5. Arctic Ocean sea ice loss in summer has occurred much faster than projections had anticipated (moderated from Stroeve et al. 2012

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 1.6. Temperature response (°C) to an increase of CO2 from 280 to 400 p.p.m. calculated as ‘Earth System Sensitivity’ resulting in significantly larger sensitivity than in ‘traditional’ models. From Lunt et al. (2010) and Richardson et al. (2011). Reprinted with permission from Nature Publishing Group.

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 2.1. Global patterns of species richness for mammals (A) and birds (B). Maps produced by the Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen.

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 2.1. Selected characteristics of species occurring in the Arctic, by taxonomic group. In addition to those species listed, there are an estimated 7,100 described and as-yet undescribed species of endoparasites and several thousand groups of microorganisms.

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 4.1. Avian biodiversity in different regions of the Arctic. Charts on the inner circle show species numbers of different bird groups in the high Arctic, on the outer circle in the low Arctic. The size of the charts is scaled to the number of species in each region, which ranges from 32 (Svalbard) to 117 (low Arctic Alaska).

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 4.2. Major flyways of Arctic birds. Bird migration links Arctic breeding areas to all other parts of the globe (adapted from ACIA 2005).

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

ᖃᖓᑕᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᕕᐅᒐᔪᒃᑐᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒧᖓᐅᕙᒃᑐᓄᑦ ᑎᖕᒥᐊᕐᓄᑦ. ᑎᖕᒥᐊᑦ ᑎᑭᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥᐅᑕᓄᑦ
ᒪᓂᒃᑖᕐᕕᐅᕙᒃᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᑕᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᕗᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᓕᖕᓄᑦ (ᐃᔾᔨᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐋᕿᒋᐊᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᓗᑎᒃ ᐅᑯᓇᖓᑦ ACIA 2005).

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 4.4. Migratory links of shorebirds breeding on the Taimyr Peninsula, N Central Siberia, based on recoveries of ringed individuals. 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 4.5. Numbers of seabird species in the Northern Hemisphere in relation to latitude, by 10 ºN zones, beginning at the equator. Only Atlantic and Pacific species are included (compiled from maps in Harrison 1996).

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 4.6. Change in the diet of nestling thick-billed murres U. lomvia at Coats Island, 1981-2009. The “Benthic” category includes sculpins (Cottidae, Agonidae) and blennies (Sticheidae, Pholidae, Bleniidae, Zoarcidae). “Other” consists principally of invertebrates.

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 4.7. Trends in Arctic landbirds from Christmas Bird Count records between 1966 and 2005 (data courtesy of National Audubon Society and P. Blancher).

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Box 18.5 Figure 1. Rate of population decline of bird colonies in the municipality of Upernavik in relation to distance to the nearest settlement or town. The shorter the distance, the greater the rate of decline (Evans & Kampp 1991).

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Box 18.5 Table 1. Seabird harvests around the Arctic (from Merkel 2010a). Pop. = population.

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ASTI DataSet: Arctic Species Trend Index is an index that tracks trends in over 300 Arctic vertebrate species.

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CAFF Created the ASTI DataSet In partnership with the CBMP, WWF, UNEP, WCMC, ZSL.

For further information the report Arctic Species Trend Index 2010: Tracking Trends in Arctic Wildlife used information from this dataset.

Trends in 65 breeding shorebird populations that are wholly or largely confined to the Arctic

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i.e. Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010.

The distribution of thick-billed and common murre colonies in the North.

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1. Shapefile of Common Murre distribution

2. Shapefile of Thickbilled Murre distribution

3. Image file of Murres distribution

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i.e. Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010.

Graphics: Hugo Ahlenius

Status and trends of seabird harvest in the Arctic (including sea ducks)

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i.e. Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010.

Worldwide distribution of the six recognized subspecies of the red knot [2]. All breeding areas (dark purple shading) are on high Arctic tundra where adults spend June–July. After their long-distance migrations, they spend the non-breeding season (August–May) mainly in intertidal, soft-sediment habitats (red dots, which are scaled according to population size).

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i.e. Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010.
Graphics: Hugo Ahlenius

Breeding and wintering range of common eiders in the circumpolar region (not all southern breeding areas included)

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i.e. Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010.
Graphics: Hugo Ahlenius

Population estimates of the six subspecies of the red knot.

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1. Excel file

2. Image file

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i.e. Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010.

Trends in phenological events (days/decade)

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i.e. Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010.

Annual rates of population change of individual murre colonies during 12 years after the 1977 climatic regime shift in the North Pacific and during 9 years after the 1989 shift, in relation to changes in sea surface temperatures around the colonies from one decadal regime to the next. Population data are from 32 U. aalge and 21 U. lomvia colonies, encompassing the entire circumpolar region. Ten sites supported both species, so 43 different study areas were represented.

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2. Image file

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i.e. Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010.

Changes in murre populations since 1975 by region and ‘decade’ (as defined by regime shifts in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation). Green indicates positive population trends, yellow indicates stable populations, and red indicates negative population trends.

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i.e. Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010.

Ivory Gull population estimates and trends

ZIP file includes 2 datasets:

1. Excel file

2. PDF file

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International Ivory Gull Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (sept 2008)

Shapefile of the distribution of known breeding colonies of Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnean within the Arctic.

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International Ivory Gull Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (sept 2008)

Number of birds shot of gulls (herring gull, great black-backed gull, common gull, and black-legged kittiwake), great cormorant and European shag in northern Norway (Nordland, Troms and Finnmark counties) in the period 2001-2006.

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i.e. Seabird Harvest in the Arctic.

Source: Statistics Norway.

Number of marine birds (herring gull, great black-backed gull, common gull, and black-legged kittiwake, great cormorant and European shag) shot in northern Norway (Nordland, Troms and Finnmark counties) in the period 2001-2006.

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i.e. Seabird Harvest in the Arctic.

Source: Statistics Norway.

Number of birds shot of glaucous gull, black guillemot, thick-billed murre and northern fulmar in Svalbard in the period 1998-2006.

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i.e. Seabird Harvest in the Arctic.

Source: The Governor of Svalbard.

Number of marine birds (glaucous gull, black guillemot, thick-billed murre and northern fulmar) shot in Svalbard in the period 2001-2006. 

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i.e. Seabird Harvest in the Arctic.

Source: The Governor of Svalbard.

Scientific names for bird species discussed in 2008 Seabird harvest report (alphabetical order of common English names).

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i.e. Seabird Harvest in the Arctic.

"Source: Merkel, F. and Barry, T. (eds.) 2008. Seabird harvest in the Arctic.
CAFF International Secretariat, Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBird), CAFF Technical Report No. 16."

Sheet 1. Hunting regulations for marine birds in Svalbard
Sheet 2. Hunting regulations for marine birds in in north Norway, excluding Svalbard.

Note that there are 2 sheets in the excel file.

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i.e. Seabird Harvest in the Arctic.

"Source: Merkel, F. and Barry, T. (eds.) 2008. Seabird harvest in the Arctic.
CAFF International Secretariat, Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBird), CAFF Technical Report No. 16."

Sheet 1. Seabird species harvested in Iceland and stages at which they are or can be utilized according to legislation. 1 =utilized; 0 = not utilized; (1) = insignificant use
Sheet 2. Numbers of birds hunted according to hunting statistics (Environment and Food Agency).

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i.e. Seabird Harvest in the Arctic.

"Source: Merkel, F. and Barry, T. (eds.) 2008. Seabird harvest in the Arctic.
CAFF International Secretariat, Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBird), CAFF Technical Report No. 16."

Sheet 1. Hunting regulations for birds in Greenland. Species not mentioned are protected all year. In addition, all hunting is forbidden in the National Park of East Greenland and in Melville Bay Nature Park in Northwest Greenland.
Sheet 2. Greenland seabird harvest statistics (Piniarneq) for the period 1993 – 2006 (The Greenland Hole Rule, Dept. of Hunting and Fisheries). Several species were not included in Piniarneq until 2002 (blank cells).

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i.e. Seabird Harvest in the Arctic.

"Source: Merkel, F. and Barry, T. (eds.) 2008. Seabird harvest in the Arctic.
CAFF International Secretariat, Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBird), CAFF Technical Report No. 16."

Seabirds that can be hunted in the Faroes, hunting seasons, estimated numbers taken and total population size.

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i.e. Seabird Harvest in the Arctic.

"Source: Merkel, F. and Barry, T. (eds.) 2008. Seabird harvest in the Arctic.

CAFF International Secretariat, Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBird), CAFF Technical Report No. 16."

Estimated annual seabird and egg harvest in Alaska 1995-2001.

Estimated annual seabird and egg harvest in Alaska 2001-2005.

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i.e. Seabird Harvest in the Arctic.

"Source: Merkel, F. and Barry, T. (eds.) 2008. Seabird harvest in the Arctic.
CAFF International Secretariat, Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBird), CAFF Technical Report No. 16."

The distribution of known breeding colonies of Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnean within the Arctic.

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)
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International Ivory Gull Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (sept 2008)

List of seabirds, including loons and grebes, that are open for harvesting and egging in Alaska

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i.e. Seabird Harvest in the Arctic.

Decline of the thick billed murre Uria lomvia population in central West Greenland

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ARCTIC FLORA AND FAUNA: Status and Conservation. Documentation. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Working Group (CAFF). (Source: Knud Falk and Kaj Kamp).

Areas of high population densities of different groups of marine vertebrates in the Beringia Region.

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ARCTIC FLORA AND FAUNA: Status and Conservation. Documentation. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Working Group (CAFF) 1998. 

Data Source: IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group

Estimated population size and trends for eiders in the Arctic region.

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ARCTIC FLORA AND FAUNA: Status and Conservation. Documentation. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Working Group (CAFF).

(Sources: Asbirk et al. 1997, CAFF Circumpolar Seabird Working Group 1998, Durinck and Falk 1996, Goudie et al. 1994, Mosbech and Boertmann 1999, Pihl 1997, Solovieva 1997, Suydam et al. 2000, Wetlands International 1999.)

Breeding and wintering distribution of spectacled eider Somateria fischeri

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ARCTIC FLORA AND FAUNA: Status and Conservation. Documentation. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Working Group (CAFF). (Source: IUCN Polar Bear Specialist Group 1998).

Long term population trends of eiders identified by their breeding locations.

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Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan June 1997

Distribution of the eiders.

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Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan June 1997

Management of eider populations

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Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan June 1997

Summary of eider objectives and action items.

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Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan June 1997

Summary of implementation guidelines.

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Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan June 1997

Surveys currently used to monitor eider populations.

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Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan June 1997

Utilization of eiders by people.

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Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan June 1997

Common eider distribution.

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Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan June 1997

King eider distribution.

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Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan June 1997

Spectacled eider distribution.

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Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan June 1997

Steller's eider distribution.

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Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan June 1997

The Circumpolar distribution of common and thick-billed murres.

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International Murre Conservation Strategy and Action Plan.

Knot Breeding areas.

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The data can be downloaded freely.
Users are requested to reference it source.

ARCTIC FLORA AND FAUNA: Status and Conservation. Documentation.

(Data Source: Piersma and Davidson 1992).