Flora

Sub Categories

Lichens

The total list of Arctic lichenized or lichenicolous fungi counts 1860 species. Of these 1610 are true lichens, and 250 are lichenicolous fungi. 133 of these 1610 lichenized species appear endemic to the Arctic according to the present rating.
(Pan-Arctic Checklist of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi)

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appendix10 1

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 10.1

Updated Panarctic Lichen Checklist as used for the calculations (version March 2013) with data on preferred substrate, growth form (crustose, squamulose, foliose, fruticose), rarity of species within and outside the Arctic, occurrence in the low and high Arctic and occurerence in the floristic provinces.

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

LifeLinkedtoIce Melosira arctica under ice and on the ocean floor

Photos: M. Fernandez-Mendez (left) and A. Boetius/Alfred Wegener Institute (right); Seija Hällfors/ Finnish Environment Institute SYKE (inset microscopic view of the diatom Melosira arctica)

 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7. 

LifeLinkedtoIce Algae and phytoplankton

Ice algae accounts for less than 1% of the annual primary production at this coastal location, but the bloom occurs at least a month before any primary production is available from phytoplankton. Farther offshore, ice algae contribute much more to the total annual production: as much as over 50% [4]. 

 

Adapted from Mikkelsen et al. 2008 [58]

 

 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

 

LifeLinkedtoIce Sea ice Ecosystem structure

Change in ecosystem structure that may result from reduction of sea ice and related temperature changes: an illustration based on the Chukchi Sea food web 

 

Adapted from Hopcroft et al. 2008 [95], based on Carroll and Carroll 2003 [98] 

 

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

 

 

 

95. Hopcroft, R., Bluhm, B., and Gradinger, R. (eds). 2008. Arctic Ocean synthesis: Analysis of climate change impacts in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas with strategies for future research. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska, and North Pacific Research Board, Fairbanks, Alaska.

 

98. Carroll, M.L., and Carroll, J. 2003. The Arctic seas. In Biogeochemistry of Marine Systems. Edited by Black, K.D., and Shimmield, G.B. CRC Press, Boca Raton, US. pp. 127-156.

 

 

LifeLinkedtoIce Communities of microscopic algae

 

As sea ice forms, droplets of water with high salt content form and these join into narrow “brine channels” that riddle the ice.
Based on Krembs and Deming 2011 [100] 

 

  

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Cell concentration

 

 

The most numerous species identified in the core were ice-associated diatoms, but several different algal classes were represented. Microalgae were distributed throughout the core, but abundance and species composition varied with ice depth. The diversity was among the highest ever recorded in Arctic sea ice: 237 species were identified from the core. Depending on the species, the sizes of microalgae can range from a few micrometers to a few hundreds of micrometers.
Data from von Quillfeldt et al. 2003 [72]

 

 

  

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Primary production by phytoplankton

Estimates of average annual primary production by size class were based on relationships with pigment types as 

detected by satellite monitoring, 1998 to 

2007.

 

Data from Uitz et al. 2010 [107]

 

 

  

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

LifeLinkedtoIce Phytoplankton bloom Barents Sea small

 

The color in this satellite image is created by a massive phytoplankton bloom. The milky blue areas indicate a high abundance of coccolithophores, plankton that are plated with white calcium carbonate. Other colors may be from other plankton types and suspended sediment. The graphs, which are from a study over approximately the same area, show the relationship between the timing of blooms and the timing of sea ice. Diatoms (indicated by chlorophyll concentrations) dominate the earlier bloom that is associated with ice melt. Coccolithophores (indicated by calcite concentrations) dominate late summer bloom. They thrive in stable surface layers of warm, low-salinity, low-nutrient water. Coccolithophore blooms are becoming more frequent in the southern Barents Sea and expanding northward to the high Arctic.
All data shown are based on analysis of satellite imagery. This natural-color image was taken by the Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on the Aqua satellite.
NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC; graph from Signorini and McClain 2009 [153]; caption based on Signorini and McClain 2009 [153], Carlowicz and Riebeek 2012 [154] 

 

  

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 

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Eamer, J., Donaldson, G.M., Gaston, A.J., Kosobokova, K.N., Lárusson, K.F., Melnikov, I.A., Reist, J.D., Richardson, E., Staples, L., von Quillfeldt, C.H. 2013. Life Linked to Ice: A guide to sea-ice-associated biodiversity in this time of rapid change. CAFF Assessment Series No. 10. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. ISBN: 978-9935-431-25-7.

ABA 2013 Table 09 04 EndemicSpecies 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 9.4. The 20 Arctic endemic species and subspecies known only from one Arctic floristic province and one subzone as rare (r), and as such potentially threatened. Species ordered by family; their status in Talbot et al. (1999) is also indicated where included: VU = vulnerable; DD = data defi cient; LR = lower risk; nt = near threatened.

 

 

 

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ABA 2013 Table 09 03 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 9.3. Fourteen species and subspecies distributed in all 21 floristic provinces and five subzones.

 

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 09 05 MossFlora 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 9.5. Species numbers of species-rich moss genera and families. Numbers highlighted in grey fields are used in calculating the percentage of the total moss flora. Listed are Splachnum, genera with at least 10 species and families with at least nine species.

 

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 09 06 Liverwort 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 9.6. Species numbers of species-rich liverwort genera and families. Numbers highlighted in grey are used in calculating the percentage of the total liverwort flora. Listed are liverwort genera with at least 10 species and families with at least nine.

 

 

 

 

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ABA 2013 Table 09 07 Moss 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 9.7. Numbers of moss species in sectors and regions of the Russian Arctic after Afonina & Czernadjeva (1996).

 

 

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 09 08 Algal 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 9.8. Worldwide recognized and estimated numbers of algal species. Sources: Norton et al. (1996) and Poulin & Williams (2002).

 

 

 

 

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ABA 2013 Table 09 09 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 9.9. Survey of total numbers of marine unicellular eukaryote taxa in Arctic regions (Poulin et al. 2011).

 

 

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 10 01 Fungi 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 10.1. Known and estimated total species richness of Arctic fungi.

 

 

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA 2013 Table 10 02 Fungi 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 10.2. Compilation of reported number of fungi (non-lichenized fungi) species from diff erent Arctic regions. No compilation exists for the main North America.

 

 

 

 

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ABA 2013 10 01 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 10.1. Species richness of lichens in Arctic (a) floristic provinces and (b) sectors. Provinces are shown with diff erent colors (n = 1,750). (b) BER: Beringia, CND: Canada, NA: North Atlantic, EuRu: European Russia & western Siberia, ESib: eastern Siberia. Continental species richness: North America 1,026, Greenland 1,136, Europe 1,075 and Asia 1,178.

 

 

 

 

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ABA 2013 Table 10 03 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 10.3. Species richness of lichens in sub-, low and high Arctic Greenland on different substrates (n = 1,694 species, distribution unknown for 56 species).

 

 

 

 

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ABA 2013 10 02 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 10.2. Species richness of lichenicolous fungi in Arctic floristic provinces. Species richness in Arctic sectors: Beringia 157, Canada 89, North Atlantic 256, European Russia 90 & western and eastern Siberia 176 (see Fig. 10.1 for delimitation). Continental species richness: North America 80, Greenland 231, Europe 111 and Asia 243.

 

 

 

 

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ABA 2013 Table 10 04 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 10.4. Examples of Arctic studies documenting high small-scale species richness of lichens in relation to vascular plants and bryophytes within study plots of different size in homogeneous vegetation (Greenland: all low Arctic, Canada: high Arctic).

 

 

 

 

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ABA 2013 10 03 Commonness 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 10.3. The commonness of lichen species in the Arctic in four categories: very rare, rare, scattered and common. The sizes of the pie charts correspond to the species number. The estimated global occurrences of these species within each category are shown within each pie chart (based on data including categorization from Kristinsson et al. 2010; n = 1,691, insufficient data for 59 of the 1,750 known species in the Arctic)..

 

 

 

 

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ABA 2013 Table 10 05 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 10.5. Numbers of potentially endemic lichens in the Arctic together with lichen species that are rare outside the Arctic, distributed by low and high Arctic, province or sector and their life form. Only species with known distribution are included (n = 358; endemic: 143, rare: 215). For explanation of province and sector, see Fig. 10.1.

 

 

 

 

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ABA 2013 16 02 Map Habitat 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 16.2. Current potential range of non-native aquatic plant hydrilla Hydrilla spp. if it invaded Alaska today and projected potential range with climate warming (adapted from Bella 2009).

 

Zip file includes map and legend 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 10

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 10.2

Data on diversity of lichens and lichenicolous fungi in the Arctic and separately for the sectors of the Arctic (Beringia, Canada, North Atlantic, European Russia, W and E Siberia) and the single floristic provinces: numbers of species, numbers of species in the low and high Arctic, percentage of species with respective growth form (crustose, squamulose, foliose, fruticose), the estimated number of missing crustose lichen species (explanations below), percentage of species on the respective substrate on which the lichen species grow, and rarity of species within and outside the Arctic.

 

 

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ABA 2013 Table 09 02 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 9.2. Species numbers in floristic provinces and subzones.

 

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 9 1

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 9.1

List of all Arctic vascular plant species (with PAF code number) and their distribution in the 21 Arctic floristic provinces and 5 subzones based on Elven (2007).

 

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ABA Appendix 9 2

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 9.2

The 106 Arctic endemic vascular plant species (with PAF code number) and their distribution in the Arctic floristic provinces and subzones (A-E) compiled from Elven (2007). 

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 9 3

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 9.3

Borderline vascular plant species (“b”) with indication of PAF code number, reaching the southernmost part of the Arctic subzone E. Arctic floristic provinces, subzones (A-E), neighbouring boreal or boreo-alpine zone (N) derived from Elven (2007).

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 9 4

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 9.4

Stabilized introductions (*) and casual introductions (**) among the vascular plants in the Arctic derived from Elven (2007) with indication of PAF code number. Arctic floristic provinces and subzones according to Elven (2007). Species ordered by the number of floristic provinces where the species occurs. 

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 9 5

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 9.5

The assignment of liverwort genera of Arctic Russia to families after Konstantinova et al. (2009) and Damsholt (2002). Differences in family classification highlighted in violet. Species-rich families are highlighted in grey.

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 9 6

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 9.6

Species list of liverworts of Svalbard (Frisvoll & Elvebakk 1996) with nomenclature of families after Damsholt (2002). Species-rich families are highlighted in grey.

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 9 7

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 9.7

Species list with full names of liverworts of Greenland according to Damsholt (2010, unpublished) including 22 families, 50 genera and 173 species.

 

 

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ABA Appendix 9 8

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 9.8

The thirty moss families of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago with reference number (Ireland et al. 1987) in brackets. Number of species in each family, number of genera in family, and number of species in each genera are given.Species-rich genera and families are highlighted in grey.

 

 

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Meltofte, H. (ed.) 2013. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri.

ABA Appendix 11

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Appendix 11.

Taxa of hetorotrophic protists reported from Foxe Basin, Canada (FB), Disko Bay, W Greenland (DB; Vors 1993), the Greenland Sea (GLS; Ikävalko & Gradinger 1997) and Northern Baffin Bay, Canada (NBB; Lovejoy et al. 2002). 18S rRNA genes that are available in Genbank are indicated (18S GB). Sequences recovered from Arctic 18S rRNA gene surveys (see text) are indicated according to frequency under ‘Arctic Gene’. Genera that have also been retrieved from Arctic 18S rRNA gene surveys are marked with an asterics.

 

 

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ABA 2013 01 01 World species richness in vascular plants 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

World species richness in vascular plants (from Settele et al. 2010; printed with permission from Pensoft Publishers).

 

 

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ABA 2013 09 01 BioclimaticSubzones 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 9.1. Bioclimatic subzones of the Arctic territory according to the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM Team 2003, Walker et al. 2005).

 

 

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ABA 2013 09 02 SpeciesRichness 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 9.2. Map of species richness and endemicity of Arctic vascular plant floras in floristic provinces of the Arctic. Species richness of the fl oristic provinces is expressed as percentage of the total species richness of the Arctic (2,218 species), and species endemicity of the floristic provinces as rounded off percentage of the total number of Arctic endemic species (106). Floristic provinces and subzones according to Elven (2007).

 

 

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ABA 2013 09 03 Characteristic 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 9.3. Characteristics of the Arctic vascular plant flora.

 

 

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ABA 2013 09 04 Distribution 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Figure 9.4. Distribution types and plant functional types of the 106 Arctic endemic vascular plant species.

 

 

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ABA 2013 Table 09 01 VascularPlantSpecies 

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) 2013.

Table 9.1. Summary table of Arctic vascular plant species and distribution by Arctic flora province and subzone based on Elven (2007). Arctic floristic provinces, subzones (A-E), neighbouring boreal or boreal-alpine zone (N) and distribution derived from Elven (2007).

 

 

 

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Arctic regions in the panarctic checklist

Arctic regions in the panarctic checklist.

 

 

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i.e. Pan-Arctic Checklist of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi

Lichens synonyms

List of synonyms (left column) submitted by their valid names (right column).

Word format.

 

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i.e. Pan-Arctic Checklist of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi

Lichens checklist

Pan-Arctic checklist Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi.

Excel format.

 

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www.caff.is 

The data can be downloaded freely.

Users are requested to reference it source.

i.e. Pan-Arctic Checklist of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi

Lichens List of Arctic lichens rare outside the Arctic

List of Arctic lichens rare outside the Arctic

Word format.

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)

www.caff.is 

The data can be downloaded freely.

Users are requested to reference it source.

i.e. Pan-Arctic Checklist of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi

Lichens List of lichens

List of lichens endemic to the arctic regions.

Word format.

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)

www.caff.is 

The data can be downloaded freely.

Users are requested to reference it source.

i.e. Pan-Arctic Checklist of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi

Lichens blue and lichenicolous fungi red recorded in each sector

Number of lichens (blue) and lichenicolous fungi (red) recorded in each sector in the arctic.

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)

www.caff.is 

The data can be downloaded freely.

Users are requested to reference it source.

i.e. Pan-Arctic Checklist of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi

greening

Trends in productivity derived from a 1982–2005 time series of GIMMS-G AVHRR vegetation indices (NDVI). Significant positive trends, showing as green, indicate an increase in both peak productivity and growing season. Negative trends, showing as red, represent forested areas not recently disturbed by fire that declined in productivity

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)
www.caff.is 

The data can be downloaded freely.

Users are requested to reference it source.

i.e. Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010.

 
invasivehydrilla

Current potential range of Hydrilla verticillata in Alaska and projected potential range with climate warming

 

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)

www.caff.is 

The data can be downloaded freely.

Users are requested to reference it source.

i.e. Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010.

 
 
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